Ageism free essay sample

This informal experiment intends to describe and document negative connotations reflected in popular culture through multimedia and measuring how long it takes for five negative remarks or innuendos to be observed within a given time frame. The dependent variable is the number of negative connotations, while the independent variable is the media through which the negative comments on aging are presented. Hypothesis #1 (H1) is predicated on the time slot of television programming. Television targeting a specific demographic would effect the amount of time for the negative comments to be observed. The time slot of programming would result in a difference in observable negative connotations toward aging, with Sunday evening programming having much more in comparison to Saturday morning programs. The null hypothesis (H0) is no observable difference. Since the study is informal, only the two variables will be considered, however the context in which the comments were encountered will be discussed in relation to time and media, in this case, over the air digital television programming. We will write a custom essay sample on Ageism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction Robert N. Butler (1969) first coined the term age-ism, described as the â€Å"ultimate prejudice† (Angus Reeve, 2006). Ageism constitutes negative attitudes and behaviors directed at a specific age group. Butler (1969) described it as an â€Å"uneasiness† or â€Å"distaste† for growing old. The concept of â€Å"growing old† has been associated with decline and disability. People tend to view the aging population negatively. Ageism is a product of society and stems from deep rooted beliefs influenced by social, political and economic factors. Through multimedia and advertisement an image of perfection is introduced to members of a capitalistic society whereby standards are established for what is considered normal and beautiful. Youth is worshiped in Western culture and its prevalence associated with power and acceptance (Saucier, 2004). The media, magazines, and advertisements are partially responsible for this obsession as they emphasize youthful looking skin, healthy hair, and muscular or toned bodies. Visible signs of aging like wrinkles, gray hair, and weight gain do not support these values. As a result, the aging population is viewed as less adequate and aging women feel especially compelled to remain young and beautiful. Saucier (2004) attributes this finding to the under representation of older women on television. In addition to youth and beauty, other cultural values may bolster ageism and further alienate older people from society. Capitalism has led to values emphasizing workforce participation, financial and economic contributions to society, income capacity, job status, economic productivity, and work related performance (Angus Reeve, 2006). Mandatory retirement policies has forced older people out of the workforce and without work, they are generating less income. They are more likely to be viewed as lazy and unproductive. The aging process is accompanied by physical and psychological changes which may result in alteration of role expectations and ability (Saucier, 2004). Problems in adjustment are often aggravated among minority elderly populations due to their lower socioeconomic status and the effects of poverty and discrimination (Angus Reeve, 2006). Through stigmatization and stereotyping a barrier is constructed between older people and the rest of society resulting in the reinforcement of ageism. Methods A random selection of television shows were observed based on the time slot and therefore the demographic being targeted by the television networks. Saturday morning and Sunday evening programming were compared. Since Saturday morning television networks typically target a young audience, ages 18 and younger, the programs content and advertisements are definitely intended for a very young audience. On the other hand, television programming and advertisement on a Sunday evening is intended for a mature audience. This informal experiment sought to determine whether five negative comments could be observed regarding aging, geriatrics or gerontology in any given time period. For (H1), a four hour time frame was used. Results Hypothesis #1: Saturday morning television programming resulted in only one negative comment. Randomly selected through â€Å"channel surfing† and on a Spanish television network a â€Å"paid programming† or â€Å"infomercial† was selling a product called Extra Mega Prosta Max, a natural prostrate treatment. The comment in context and translated as follows: â€Å"This product alleviates the problems which arise with old age and sexual dysfunction and other symptoms such as urination and the possibility of prostrate cancer. In typical infomercial style, it utilized a fear mechanism and personal comments by users who had found it to be miraculous. This was the only negative comment within a randomization of television programming and networks on Saturday, April 23rd, 2011 from 7 am to 11 am. In stark contrast, during the Sunday evening programming on April 24th, 2011 from 6 pm to 10 pm, seven negative comments were observed just after forty-five minutes. American Dad is an animated one half hour program which chronicles the life of the protagonist, who is an employee with the CIA. This episode centered upon his relationship with his aging mother who wanted to be romantically involved but her suitors would leave her after the third date. The mother states to her son, (1) â€Å"Maybe, because I am old and alone, I am unlovable! † The daughter in law says, â€Å"No, that is not true! † and the protagonist responds, (2) â€Å"Yes it is, she is all dried up! † After American Dad, on the same network aired Family Guy. In this episode, when Brian, the family dog, is arrested for drunk driving, hes forced to do community service in the â€Å"Outreach to the Elderly Program,† which consists of helping Pearl, an agoraphobic, bitter woman. The family is having dinner together and Brian says, (3) â€Å"I gotta take care of some old woman who hasnt been out of her house in thirty years (4) I guess taking care of this old woman will be just like baby sitting, only with bigger diapers. † The woman is portrayed as cantankerous, which upsets Brian to the point he shouts, â€Å"Thats it! Ive had it with you, (5) you old hag! (6) You are just a miserable, dried up shut in, trying to make everyone feel as bad as you do! (7) Why dont you do everyone a favor and drop dead! † Discussion The null hypothesis was rejected and (H1), regarding time slot of programming, was valid. Again, Hypothesis #1 stated: the time slot of programming would result in a difference in observable negative connotations toward aging, with Sunday evening programming having much more in comparison to Saturday morning programs. Chi Square statistical analysis was used to reject the null hypothesis. The formula is as follows: x? = (O – E)? / E. Calculate the chi square statistic x? by completing the following steps: 1. For each observed number subtract the corresponding expected number (O E). Square the difference [ (O E)2 ]. 3. Divide the squares obtained by the expected number [ (O E)2 / E ]. 4. Sum all the values for (O E)2 / E. This is the chi square statistic. (H1) has two categories, as you may recall, Saturday morning (Category 1) and Sunday evening (Category 2) over the air (antennae, as opposed to cable or satellite) digital programming. When a comparison is made between one sample and another, a simple rule is that the degrees of freedom equal (number of columns minus one) x (number of rows minus one) not counting the totals for rows or columns. For our data this gives (2-1) x (2-1) = 1, so the degrees of freedom will be 1. The following table represents the calculations: The Chi Square statistic is x2 = 4. 0 and the predetermined alpha level of significance is 0. 05, and the degrees of freedom is df =1. Entering the Chi Square distribution table with 1 degree of freedom and reading along the row we find our value of x2 = 4. 0 exceeds the critical value in the table for a 0. 05 probability level. Since our x2 statistic 4. 0 exceeded the critical value for 0. 05 probability level of 3. 41 we can reject the null hypothesis that the observed values would be no different from expected values. Chi Square distribution table: Conclusion Why is aging perceived in such a negative way in American societys reflection in popular culture and the media? The stereotyping and stigmatization is ubiquitous in Western culture, so much that it goes unnoticed until a concerted effort is made to document the negative comments used to describe an older generation who should be admired for their contributions to our successes as opposed to being marginalized and oppressed. In a capitalistic society youth is worshiped and an obsessive emphasis is placed on health and fitness, beauty, looking young, and an endless accumulation of wealth. In an individualistic society, the elderly are marginalized and seen as a burden to the younger generation, who often place them in â€Å"nursing† homes to live out their last days, instead, as is often the case in collective societies, living with their families who take care of and support the older generation. Aging and death are seen as a curse or an illness in need of a cure instead of the natural order of the universe in which we live. Some estimate that perhaps 90% or even 95% of all species that have ever existed on the face of the earth are now extinct (Benton, 2003). In a society which fears illness and death, a constant push for medical breakthroughs and technology as the savior is readily apparent with a goal of the elimination of disease and impairments of major life activities. Dominant society strives for a world without the aging and a world without diseases. Admirable from a purely philosophical point, this elimination of diseases like cancer, certainly, but society can never eliminate the aging process.  A world without illness, a world without aging, a world without death appears to be unnatural; yet, society, particularly American, fears death, dying, illness, old age, and disability.

Help, iPhone Won’t Charge! 5 Common Causes + How to Fix

Help, iPhone Won’t Charge! 5 Common Causes + How to Fix SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If your iPhone is plugged in but not charging, you may be in panic mode. You love your phone, you’re way too reliant on it, and you don’t want to spend some serious cash on a new iPhone 6s. And heaven forbid you resort to purchasing a non-iPhone. Fear not. I’ll walk you through some of the common reasons why an iPhone won’t charge and offer solutions to these problems. Hopefully, your iPhone 5, iPhone 5S, or iPhone 6 will only require a simple fix, and you’ll soon be using your phone incessantly and ignoring the outside world. How Do You Know if Your iPhone Is Charging? When your device is plugged into a power source, look at the battery icon in the status bar. If the iPhone is charging properly, there should be a lightning bolt next to the battery icon. If there’s not, there's definitely a problem and your iPhone won't charge. In this guide, I'll explain the most common reasons why an iPhone won't charge and offer solutions to each of these issues. These suggestions apply to every supported model (i.e. iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPhone 5S, iPhone 6, and iPhone 6S), but may or may not work for earlier models. Follow my prescribed steps to help get your phone charging again. Common Problem 1: Your Software Crashed This is a common problem for why your iPhone won't charge, but luckily, it’s not a huge deal. In this situation, it looks like your iPhone isn’t charging, but the screen is just staying blank because your software has crashed. How to Fix It Just do a hard reset by holding the power button and home button together. Keep holding them until the Apple logo appears and your phone reboots. At this point, you should be able to see your phone charging, and all will be well again. Common Problem 2: Your Charging Port Is Dirty or Obstructed Take a close look at where the cable connects to your phone. If you want to take a really good look, use a flashlight. The port may be clogged with dust, lint, or other debris. Even something very small can prevent your cable from making a solid connection to your iPhone, thus causing your iPhone not charging problem. Also, this is less common, but make sure there’s no debris on the plug of the cable where it connects to the port. How to Fix It Use a toothbrush (preferably not one you’re going to use in your mouth) to gently brush out the port. Toothbrushes work well because the bristles don’t conduct electricity. You can also purchase one of these special brushes to do the trick. Once you’re done cleaning out the port, try charging again. Cross your fingers that you’ve fixed the problem and sanity has been restored. Common Problem 3: Your Cable Is Busted Inspect your cable thoroughly at both ends. Lightning cables (for iPhone 5 through 6s) and 30-pin connector cables (for iPhone 4S or earlier), are prone to fraying or getting torn. This is especially common if you get a low quality cable. If you get a super cheap non-Apple cable at a store or online, don’t be surprised if it’s not especially durable and makes your iPhone not charge. To check to see if the problem is with your cable or charger, try using a different one, if you have one available. Or if you have another working iPhone on hand, see if your charger will work with a different phone. How to Fix It If your charger is broken, you’re going to need to replace the cable. If your iPhone is still under warranty, Apple may replace your cable free of charge. Set up an appointment at your local Genius Bar, or you can try to set up your cable exchange online. If you need to purchase a new cable, here are certified 3-foot and 6-foot options. If you have an iPhone 4S or earlier model, check out this certified 30-pin connector cable. Common Problem 4: Your Power Source Is No Good There are many different ways to charge an iPhone: you can plug it into the wall, a car charger, laptop, or a speaker dock. There may be a problem in the wall outlet you’re using, or perhaps the USB port on your computer is the issue. Your iPhone won't charge if your power source is busted. How to Fix It Simply change the outlet or port your phone is plugged into. If this is the problem, you shouldn’t have any issues once you change your power source. As an added bonus, if you move from a USB port to a wall outlet, your phone will usually charge faster. Not only will you no longer have an iPhone not charging problem, you'll super charge your phone! Common Problem 5: Your Phone Was Damaged If your iPhone has been severely damaged, it probably won’t charge. Maybe the hardware was damaged when you dropped your phone while you were running. Or perhaps your charging port sustained liquid damage when you dropped your phone in the sink. How to Fix It Well, there aren’t a ton of options other than replacing your phone if this is the problem for your iPhone not charging. If you dropped your phone in water, you can try immediately drying the phone, removing the case, and placing the phone in a sealed bag of rice for at least 36 hours. If it still isn't working when you remove it from the bag, I’m sad to say that your phone has probably perished. One additional option other than replacing the phone is using an iPhone repair company, like iResQ, especially if all that’s damaged is the charging port. Typically, you have to mail them your phone, but if they can successfully fix it, you can recover your data and won’t have to purchase a new phone. Hooray! Troubleshooting Your iPhone Not Charging If your iPhone won't charge, go through the following steps to diagnose and rectify the problem. #1: Is Your Phone Plugged in Properly? Often, the issue is as simple as not plugging in your phone correctly. Your charger may not be fully inserted into a plug or charging port. Make sure that both ends of the charger are properly connected. #2: Is the Charging Port Dirty? Check to see if there's any debris in your charging port. If so, you can use a toothbrush to remove it. After you're done cleaning the port, try charging your iPhone again. #3: Try Rebooting the Phone Your software may have crashed, and you can fix this by doing a hard reset. Just hold the home button and the power button until the Apple logo appears. Problem solved. #4: Connect to a Different Power Source If the problem is with your power source, all you have to do is use a different one. Plug your phone into a different plug or USB port. #5: Is Your Cable Broken? If you have an additional cable, try to charge your phone with it. If the new cable works, you've identified that the first cable is broken. If you have an extra phone that charges with the original cable, you know the charger isn't the problem. If you have a broken cable, it will have to be replaced. #6: Is Your Phone Damaged? If none of the previous steps works, your phone may be damaged. If it is, you can try salvaging it by using an iPhone repair company, but it's possible that your phone has gone to iPhone heaven and can't be fixed.

Corporate Entrepreneurship As a Strategic Option for Firms Research Paper

Corporate Entrepreneurship As a Strategic Option for Firms - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that survival of companies remains largely reliant on its ability to react to market forces immediately or have the resources, reach and net to capture markets that were not primarily considered at the onset of its existence. In any industry, correct timing in reacting to market forces has always been a source of debate. It is a variable that is almost impossible to predict even with empirical data on hand. Thus the next best thing is to make sure that the company’s market presence has a wider reach and has an inventory that can satisfy the demand of the market at any time. However, this proposition is expensive without any value added opportunity opening for the company. On the other hand, competition will most likely remain as a factor or a constant reminder to drive quality and excellence in customer service. However, competition also has the ability to expand its market reach and compete head to head with any branch of the compan y. Market leadership can only be gained if the following are implemented in sequence: operational streamlining and implementation of control to have a strong corporate governance structure. But, these too can be implemented by any competitor. Ergo, all else being equal, the only remaining factor that will enable companies to gain a competitive edge over their rivals are its employees. Promoting a culture of corporate entrepreneurship is a formula that has been percolating in the minds of Covin and Miles as a strategic option for companies to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. This paper, in essence, will show how corporate entrepreneurship as a strategy will capitalize on the untapped natural innovation and creativity of its employees as they perform their daily functions. However, once the gates are open the flow of ideas from employees will be unrestricted. This paper shall propose strategies on how to reign in the creativity and direct them to directions that are juxta posed to the company’s goal.

Justify Punishment in Modern Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justify Punishment in Modern Society - Assignment Example The other just has to do with punishing a person who has committed a crime, leaving a victim who seeks retribution. 2. Although the saying â€Å"crime does not pay† is widely popular, I would have to disagree with this statement. The connotation of this saying is that a criminal will always get caught. However, the police department is swamped with unsolved and cold cases. Our judicial system also finds itself often foiled by a technicality that often sets a criminal free. There are many ways and means that a criminal can get out of the accusations provided he has a good lawyer who knows how to find and work loopholes in the law. That is why I cannot agree with this statement. 3. The Quakers were of the idea that criminals could be reformed if they were imprisoned in a building that looked blank and lifeless upon their entrance. The Quakers strongly believed that in a place where a solitary, and sad existence was the way of life for the prisoner, he would have time to reflect upon his crimes which would, in turn, make him penitent and convince him to reform his ways upon leaving the penitentiary. To correctly quote the Quaker policy on solitary confinement; No prisoner is seen by another after he enters the wall. When the years of confinement have passed, his old associates in crime will be scattered over the earth, or in the grave and the prisoner can go forth into a new and industrious life, where his previous misdeeds are unknown. (Walsh, â€Å"Black Hoods and Iron Gags†) The end result of this Quaker experiment? Most of the inmates either went insane or died after a few months. That is why the penitentiary saw itself being reformed by 1903 to become more humane in the treatment of the inmates. 4.The issues of social class, gender, age, and victim characteristics are often pointed to as having a tremendous influence on the jury and judge when it comes to sentencing the guilty party. However, aside from juvenile related crimes, social class, and gender are not really considered by the judge when sentencing the guilty party because those are not part of the official lawful criteria to be considered in the sentencing of a guilty party. Instead, the extent of the guilt of the person based upon the gravity of the offense and victim characteristics, cruelty of the offender, circumstances of the case, number of offenses the guilty party has committed, and whether he was the main offender or accessory all play a role in determining the sentence of the guilty party.

Managing Financial Risks Within Event Industry Essay

Managing Financial Risks Within Event Industry - Essay Example The methodology revolved around a survey of past and recent literature on financial risk management in the event industry. The study found out that cost-cutting measures and strategic investment are key strategies that feature in many of the risk management methods in literature. Introduction The element of risk in the event industry is one of the factors that continue to attract the concern of managers, financial analysts, and financial managers. The industry is one of the most challenging in the sense that it concerns itself with fluid and flexible systems that are dependent on uncertain realities in the field of investment (Robinson, Wale, & Dickson, 2010). As such, the event industry has a higher element of risk when compared to the other industries. Many companies have suffered significant losses, drops in financial positions, and even permanent closures due to the unpredictable and risky aspects of the industry (Raj, & Musgrave, 2009). The element of risk arises due to multiple factors including hostile operating environments, rising costs of logistics, changing preferences of the clients, and adverse regulatory practices (Pelham, 2011). In order to shield themselves against the adverse effects of the global markets, many players in the industry have devised various financial management strategies that range from cost-cutting measures to enhancement of the efficiency of processes within the industry. Some of the financial management strategies have proved highly effective while others fail to produce significant results in terms of reducing the element of risk (O'Toole, 2002). However, the dominant methods of risk management are related to the need to develop both long term and short term strategies that can help revamp the state of the economy in ways that are both effective and strategic (Robinson, Wale, & Dickson, 2010). The methods employed by the different companies often serve as the competitive advantage as they enable the companies to operate at h igher levels of profitability in ways that safeguard against negative effects on the business environment (Anderson, 2010). As such it becomes necessary to regard the operations of these companies within the manner in which they enable the determination of value and other systems of performance. Renowned companies in the event industry such as 3D Exhibits, Aspen, BroadStreet, Event Marketing Strategies, and EWI World Wide have managed to survive adverse market conditions through a range of strategies that enhance and strengthen their internal systems. In order to survive inflationary pressures and the effects of competition, some companies have changed their ways of operation by diversifying into various fields. Companies have added the range of services as a way of increasing the flow of revenues while reducing the overheads incurred in the running of the business processes (Robinson, Wale, & Dickson, 2010). As such, it becomes important to consider the fact that most of the strate gies connected with the objective of lessening the element of risk are determined in accordance with the type of the event company. Other determinants are the level of competition, the nature of the market, and other external and internal factors that relate to the determination of performance within the industry (Robinson, Wale,

Development of a Learner in a Hospital Setting

Development of a Learner in a Hospital Setting Clinician To Educator Nurse Additional skills and requirements Making the transition from clinician to educator is an exciting step in a nurse’s career. Clinicians considering the transition should be familiar with the role of the nurse educator (Culleiton Shellenbarger, 2007, pg 254). A nurse educator should also understand and illustrate teaching-learning skills. This paper will discuss briefly how to facilitate learning and the development of a learner in a hospital setting. In a staff educator setting, the educator will be educating new and experienced nurses. Nurse educators must have the capability to convince the learners of knowledge and expertise they have. In addition, the expectation would be to engage in administrative work, participate in scholarly research, and have collaborative professional associations (Role transition: Clinician to Nurse Educator, 1). The transition from clinician to nurse educator requires an understanding of learning theories that will create meaningful learning experiences (Learning theories learning styles, 2008, 1). According to the online readings there are some key learning theories. One theory is behaviorism in which we learn by the concept of conditioned response to stimulus, for example in a telemetry unit, the expectation is the nurse can recognize EKG strips and differentiate between heart rhythms. Tele nurses do not know this information as new grad nurses, however from our everyday learning we learn to recog nize certain irregular heart rhythms and we expect to see certain signs and symptoms. The nurse educator directs the thought process of the learners in accordance to their own experience (Learning theories and learning styles, 2008, 2). As the nurse educator in the role of behaviorism, we have a source of knowledge that shapes, supervises and directs the thought processes of learners in accordance to their own experiences (Learning theories, 2008, 2). When dealing with constructivism, the nurse educator is a facilitator who helps learners acquires knowledge and figure out solutions to problems. The educator teaches in sequences of events that are relevant to the knowledge (Learning theories and learning styles, 2008, 2). Both one of these theories can be used in the teaching-learning process and individual learning styles are a reflection of the individual preferred way of learning. As the nurse educator transition into their new role, a curriculum needs to be formulated, if not already done by the institution, identify expected program outcomes, develop competency standards, choose an appropriate, varied, and engaging instructional strategies to deliver the content. In addition, the nurse educator continues to evaluate and re-evaluate the different learning styles, learner needs, learner abilities and achieve desired learning outcomes and objectives (Identifying learning needs, 2008, 2). How does the nurse educator know the learners are getting the expected information? In staff development, evaluation of learning outcome can include a pre and post multiple choice exams. For example, most hospital residency programs last approximately 3 months with classroom studies and floor orientation with an experienced nurse. During classroom studies, the nurse educator follows a curriculum, delivers the content, provides hands on with equipment such as temporary pacemakers, group case studies, dosage calculations and a final test along with a program evaluation form filled out by the learners which can identify for the nurse educator what worked well and what did not. This will continue to help the nurse educator transition into their role from the clinician role. Regardless of the setting, using appropriate assessment and evaluation strategies is important to the learner and learning goals. It is also important to utilize evaluation data to improve the teaching-learning process (Learning outcome evaluation, 2008, 2). In addition, effective communication with the learners’ and co-workers along with networking with other nurse educators/mentors is essential for the growth development of both nurse educator and learner. In conclusion, making the transition from clinician to nurse educator may be an excellent option with new opportunities to mentor future generations of nurses. Successful nurse educators will be able to demonstrate teaching-learning skills. References Culleiton, A.L., Shellenbarger, T. (2007). Transition of a Bedside Clinician to a Nurse Educator. MEDSURG Nursing, 16, (4), 253-257. South University (2008). Learning theories and learning styles. Retrieved July 14, 2008, http://myeclassonline.com.

damnation :: essays research papers

Ruining The Grand Places â€Å"†¦ It is apparent, then, that we cannot decide the question of development versus preservation by a simple referral to holy writ or an attempt to guess the intention of the founding fathers; we must make up our own minds and decide for ourselves what the national parks should be and what purpose they should serve.†-Edward Abbey, Desert Solitaire â€Å"†¦ The difference between the present reservoir, with its silent sterile shores and debris-choked side canyons, and the original Glen Canyon, is the difference between death and life. Glen Canyon was alive. Lake Powell is a graveyard.† – Edward Abbey, â€Å"The Damnation of a Canyon†, Beyond the Wall When you love the Desert Southwest, sometime, somewhere, you will stumble into the writings of Ed Abbey. Like me, Ed was not born there; he discovered his love of the place while riding a boxcar through it on a trip across the US; I discovered mine on a trip through myself. His writings helped lead me home, for that is what the desert southwest is to me: home. I don’t live there for one simple reason, i.e., I have not yet been able to put myself in the financial situation I need to be in. For now, I visit when I can, mostly during my long vacations at Christmas. A couple of years ago during one of those, on a whim after spending a few days in Arches National Park, my wife and I detoured to the snowy, icy south rim of the Grand Canyon. We journeyed toward it from the east side but got turned back at the National Parks’ gate; the road was snowed under from there on up. After retracing our steps, we traveled down to Flagstaff and spent the night, driving in my four by four truck up to the South Rim the next day. It was an eerie experience to stand on the edge of the South Rim and see only cloud; fog shrouded the canyon’s great gap, leaving us with visual doubts that anything was really there. Defeated, we hit the Visitor’s Center and gathered information so we could go back sometime in the spring or fall with weather more to our liking. We haven’t done that, yet. This year we had planned to take a guided river run down the great Grand Canyon. Right now, that probably is not going to happen, either, due to other family obligations that eat vacation and other financial priorities.

Bacterial Growth Curve

Several Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) bacterial cultures were established using serial dilutions and simple agar plate pouring. The growth of the bacterial cultures was evaluated using spectrophotometric and colony counting methods. Data collected from a two-hour monitoring using 30-minute interval sampling of bacterial suspensions were plotted against the 30-minute interval collection times on a normal and semilographic coordinates. The resulting growth curves showed that the cultures progressed from the lag to the log phase, which are typical of a bacterial growth curve.The growth curves generated by spectrophotometric analysis were similar to the growth curve created by the colony counting method. The techniques employed in this experiment may serve as basis in determining bacterial growth on both liquid and solid culture media using other types of bacterial species. The methods used in this exercise may act as a method in estimating the number of cells that are generated through different types of culture conditions.The colony counting method seems to be a more reliable method because it involves actual visual inspection of live colonies while the optical density readings involve light transmission through the turbidity of the bacterial culture suspension. The growth of bacteria pertains to a process wherein a single bacterial cell generates two identical daughter cells. This simple doubling of bacteria is observed in cultures that are classically conducted in microbiological laboratories. The quantification of bacterial growth is generally performed through the use of either direct or indirect cell counting methods.Colony counting is an example of a direct counting technique while the measurement of turbidity is an illustration of an indirect counting procedure. The progress of a bacterial curve is generally described through the use of a growth curve (Novick, 1955). Four different phases comprise a bacterial growth curve. The lag phase involves the adapta tion of inoculated bacteria to the conditions of the culture medium. This phase denotes that time that the bacteria are undergoing maturation. The logarithmic or exponential phase involves the doubling of bacteria in culture.The rate of division is observed to logarithmically increase through time. The growth conditions and the chances of survival of the resulting daughter cells influence bacterial growth rate. The logarithmic growth of the bacterial culture is dependent on the availability of nutrients in the culture medium. The stationary phase pertains to the decrease in growth rate due to the exhaustion of nutrients in the culture medium and in turn, wastes have accumulated in the culture medium. During the death phase, the cultured bacteria lose nutrient resources and die. Materials and methods. The bacterial concentration of an E.coli culture (ATCC 11229) broth culture was determined through the employment of serial dilutions and agar plate counts. Approximately 1 ml of the E. coli culture at log phase was transferred to a flask containing 100 ml of brain heart infusion broth. The suspension was slowly swirled and 5 ml was transferred to a cuvette for optimal density (OD) reading at 600 nm absorbance. Another 1 ml of the log phase bacterial culture was transferred to a test tube containing 9 ml of water. The suspension was mixed well then 1 ml of was then transferred to another test tube containing 9 ml of water.The serial dilution was performed six times, resulting in 7 dilutions. Approximately 1 ml of the 0 time point dilutions (10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7) was plated with 15 ml of melted agar, swirled evenly and set aside to solidify. The optical density (OD) of the broth culture was taken every 30 minutes by transferring 5 ml of the broth culture to a cuvette for spectrophotometric reading. All plated cultures were incubated for 24 hrs at 35-37oC. After 24 hrs incubation, the colonies that emerged on each plate were counted. The collected data from the OD reading and colony counting were then analyzed and plotted on semilog paper.Calculation for generation time (g) of the bacterial culture was performed using the following equation: g = time at absorbance 0. 41 – time at absorbance 0. 21 Results. The growth of the bacterial culture based on the concentration of bacterial cells was determined using two methods. Optical density (OD) reading using the spectrophotometer showed that the number of bacterial cells in the culture increased for the 2 hours that the cultures were monitored. The optical density reading were then plotted against the 30-minute interval collection times (Figure 1).Based on the collected data, the calculated generation time is 32 minutes. The generation time was determined as follows: g = 92 minutes – 60 minutes = 32 minutes Data collected from colony counting of broth cultures were plotted against the 30-minute interval collection times on a semilographic coordinates (Figure 2). The generation growt h curve was determined to be 10. 1 minutes, indicating that the bacterial culture had grown 10 times from the start of the experiment. The exercise involving determination of bacterial concentrations over 2 hours of monitoring showed that the broth culture of E.coli showed an increase in its growth. The data showed the features of the lag and logarithmic phases of a growth curve wherein there is a slow adaptation stage that shows minimal increase in the number of bacterial cells during the first 30 minutes of inoculation and then an exponential increase in the number of bacterial cells was observed soon after until the end of the experimental period. The results generated from optical density readings and colony counting show the same increasing trend in the number of bacterial cells in culture.The employment of two methods in determining growth rates of bacterial cultures provided an opportunity for comparison of these methods. The colony counting method seems to be a more reliable method because it involves actual visual inspection of live colonies on a Petri plate while the optical density readings merely involve light transmission through the turbidity of the bacterial culture suspension and this method does not differentiate the live from the dead bacterial cells but in turn just counts the number of bacterial cells that are present in the cuvette.It should be noted that the number of viable bacterial cells serve as the source of new daughter cells hence it is better to rely on the results that are generated by actual colony counts derived from visual inspection of Petri plates.However, it also should be noted that colony counting is also associated with a disadvantage wherein one colony may be composed of at least two to several bacterial cells hence the exact number of cells can not be determined. A colony composed of more cells can thus result in a bigger number of daughter cells than a colony comprised of only 2 bacterial cells. Reference Novick A (19 55): Growth of bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology 9:97-110.

Asian Economic History Essays - Economy Of South Korea, Free Essays

Asian Economic History Essays - Economy Of South Korea, Free Essays Asian Economic History Brief Economic History and Government Policy Korea was one of the poorest countries in world after experiencing two wars. World War II and Korean war (1950 1953). The country even experienced a food shortage so that it had to heavily rely on the foreign aid. Yearly per capita consumption was a mere $88 as late as 1965. However, since 1965, Korea has been transformed from its underdeveloped agricultural economy to a leading Newly Industrializing Country. Between 1965 and 1981, its gross national product GNP multiplied twenty times from $3 billion to $63 billion and per capita GNP increased sixteen times from $88 to $1,554. There have been many explanations for Koreas successful story. Among those, the strong role of government would be probably the most important one. At the same time, this would be also responsible for current recession. After Koran war, the government in fact had no sense of direction and also due to the unstable political situation, the country didnt have specific economic policy until 1961 when military government came to power and established the major institution guiding its economic planning called Economic Planing Board (EPB). This government set economic development as the top national priority and recognized the financial system in support of economic development plan. To achieve this purpose, it focused its policies mainly on export expansion moving its emphasis from import substitution. The result was considered quite successful for economic growth. Between 1965 and 1973, exports grew at average annual rate of 45%, from $175 million to $3,271 million. The success of the expansion was due primary to three factors (Kwack, 72). The first was a favorable international economic environment, which saw total world imports expand from $175 billion in 1965 to $536 billion by 1973. This boom in impo rts of the world reflected the fact that the industrialized had not yet erected import barriers against exports from developing countries and were, on the contrary, quite active importers of cheaper goods from Newly Industrializing Countries such as Korea. A second significant factor was the Korean governments policy of promoting exports, which was set in motion in 1965. Initially, the government introduced a number of fiscal and financial incentives, which I will discuss more later. A third factor was Koreas abundant and highly productive labor force. This gave Korea a strong comparative advantage in producing labor intensive products and provided the impetus for the notable expansion for exports. In order to expand total exports over time periods, however, Korea turned to new export industries that were expected to have a comparative advantage with abundant labor, but skilled labor at this time, such as shipbuilding, electronics, and steel industries. This attempt was viewed as a manufacturing shifting of its emphasis from light industries to heavy industries which later started to produce intermediary goods as substitutes for imports (Kwack, 77). However, this governments promotion of heavy industries for large-scale economies led to under-investment in light manufacturing industries causing productive gap between small and large firms. Actually, the large firm that runs heavy industries has been given priorities, and small and medium firms relatively disregarded in governments allocation of loanable funds and other administrative preference. As a result, conglomerates later known as chaebol (family owned conglomerate) have been formed through this expansion of heavy industries. Governments Policy Before 1961 As seen above, the Korean government has been focused on import substitution for economic growth during 1953 65 period and followed by export expansion policy after 1965. However, to progress its policy efficiently, the government had to face to one of serious problem, poverty. After two major wars, the country even with a food shortage experienced lack of capital. There was no source for savings and investment to finance economic growth domestically, so it depended heavily on foreign capital which inflow in a form of mostly aid and loan in the early stage of economic growth. The proportion of foreign capital to total capital formation in 1965 was approximately 40 percent. In addition to inflow of foreign capital, the government faced allocation of capital with using its financial system. Before the military government in 1961, the loan decisions of commercial banks were heavily influenced by political interference (Haggard, 26). Well, in fact the loan decisions

Steve Jobs Research Paper Example

Steve Jobs Research Paper Example Steve Jobs Paper Steve Jobs Paper Steve Jobs Personality Steven Paul Steve Jobs (1 953 201 1) American entrepreneur, marketer, and inventor, who was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies. Co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios. He became a member of the board of rectors of The Walt Disney Company In 2006.   As the CEO of the company. Jobs oversaw the development of the IMac. iTunes, iPod, IPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the companys Apple Retail Stores. ITunes Store and the App Store. He died of respiratory arrest related to his tumor on October 5, 2011 (he had a   The market value of Apples shares has grown pancreas neuroendocrine tumor). from about $1JS5 billion in 2000 to SUS351 billion (2011) making it one of the biggest publicly listed companies in the US. Jobs transformed personal computers, telephones. even retail stores. among others†and he would have probably taken on television, if he had lived long enough. CBS 60 Minutes. [picl Steve Jobs is a perfect example of a person who intuitively understood the power of user-centered design, From the very beginning, he made sure that Apple employed people Who were tasked to advocate for the Customer _ In the early 1980s this had never been heard Of. Steve Jobs understood that a company would better serve its customers, if they were listened to. His innovative work related directly to the rise Of an awareness Of usability. Jobs knew that a product or service is only successful hen it meets the needs of the users, making their lives easier and more enjoyable. There are conflicting stories of whether he was a true supporter of the methodology of user-centered design, but there is clear agreement that he knew ho. to figure out what users needed and wanted. Steve Jobs showed us what it was like to Inspire people, live a dream. In June 2005, Jobs gave the Commencement address at Stanford University: When I was 17. I read a quote that went something like: If you live each day as f It was your last, someday youll most certainly be right. It made an impression on me, nd since then, for the past 33 years, have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today? And whenever the answer has been No for too many days in a rcn. , I He did it by following a trail led by his passion for innovation. Leadership Theory Steve Jobs fits best with the Trait Theory. The main believe of Trait Theories are that they can develop through experience and learning. As a matter of fact that Apple is well-known as learning and innovative company due to Steve Jobs management style. Jobs has faced a lot of different market situations along with his career and almost in all he has succeeded. Jobs possess a vision, willingness to take personal risks to achieve that vision, sensitivity to follower needs, intelligence, self-confidence, level of energy and activity as well as task-relevant knowledge. Firstly, the vision of Apple is to focus on software rather than hardware; at the point when he has delivered music to online consumers he set out to develop the best customer experience. Moreover, Apple took many risks to achieve their vision and goals. Cooperating with is rival Bill Gates is a good example of that (the deal was Gates supply Apple with Office, Internet Explorer programs, and purchase 150 million dollars of Apples stock. Though this deal was good for Microsoft, it was even better for Apple) and as result, Apple was no longer a competition for Microsoft. The production of iPod was also a risky game. Jobs pushed his managers and the engineer team for innovative thinking, which was a huge challenge for everyone.Thirdly, Steve was self- confident. The fact that he created a video-editing program even without the help of Adobe shows his trait very good. l am convinced that about half of what separates the successful entrepreneurs from the non-successful ones is pure perseverance Steve Jobs, in 1995. My Job is not be easy on people, but to make them better.   Participative leadership While some found his management style caustic, he also developed loyalty from many team members. You need a lot more than vision † you need a stubbornness, tenacity, belief and patience to stay the course, said Edwin Catmull, co-founder of Pixar. In Steves case, he pushes right to the edge, to try to make the next big step orward. Jobs emphasized the importance of teamwork to his employees. Though he made the final decision on product designs, he knew that the right people would be a companys greatest asset. Thats how I see business, he said. Great things in business are never done by one person; theyre done by a team of people. According to Jobs work mantra and ethic, innovation is what distinguishes a leader and a follower. Some people arent used to an environment where excellence is expected. Thanks to Jobs expectation of high quality, almost every product hes turned out has een a huge success among consumers and businesses. One of the greatest business strategists of all times He was a high-maintenance co-worker who demanded excellence from his staff and was known for his blunt delivery of criticism. But it was his sheer genius combined with his ability to articulate his vision and bring staff, investors and customers along on the Journey plus the lessons learned in a major career setback that made it work. The results: indisputable. A visionary is how he is most often described in relation to Apple, the company he founded with high school buddy Steve Wozniak in 976. Also described as a high-maintenance co-worker who labelled people who didnt impress him as bozos. We have an environment where excellence is really expected, Jobs said in an interview in 1983. Whats really great is to be open when [the work] is not great. My best contribution is not settling for anything but really good stuff, in all the details. Thats my Job, to make sure everything is great. Employees were recruited into the company as specialists and put into roles that made the most of their specific strengths and abilities. Turnover was low despite the emanding corporate culture Jobs was a passionate advocate for his vision and incredibly effective at communicating this to shareholders, customers and staff. People Join and stay because they believe in the mission of the company, even if they arent personally happy. Steve Jobs quotes Being the richest man in the cemetery doesnt matter to me. Going to bed at night saying weve done something wonderful† thats what matters to me. Sometimes when you innovate, you make mistakes. It is best to admit them quickly, and get on with improving your other innovations. Your time is limited, so dont waste it living omeone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma† which is living with the results of other peoples thinking. Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. Technology is nothing. Whats important is that you have a faith in people, that theyre basically good and smart, and if you give them tools, theyll do wonderful things with them. Charity work In his lifetime, Steve Jobs was roundly criticized for seemingly not donating enough money to philanthropic causes. However, it has been revealed recently that the late ounder of Apple and his wife, quietly made large donations to charity: Jobs donated $50million to Stanford hospitals. Funded HIV and AIDS research   Powell Jobs (Steve Jobs wife) founded College Track, a college preparation organization, in 1997, and she has been sponsoring the group ever since. Every year, the award-winning animation studio Pixar, which Mr Jobs helped launch, hosts a screening of a film to raise money for College Track, suggesting that the family have been doing charity work behind the scenes. But Jobs never addressed his philanthropic endeavors and refused to discuss the subject even with his biographer.

CRJS325 U3IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRJS325 U3IP - Research Paper Example Speculations on the steps to be taken by the officer under different subjective inclinations are therefore discussed and a critical eye is applied thereby providing intervention with response to drug courts and possible sentences that the subjects are exposed to. The end is then characterized by statistical review on achievements of complementary processes such as that applied in this context. New York is observed as the state of concern. The Controlled Substances Act was established as law in 1970 thereby providing a statutory framework which the federal government uses to regulate lawful production, possession or distribution of substances that can be summarized as narcotics, anabolic steroids, stimulants and depressants not forgetting hallucinogens. It is also required of individuals that handle these substances as such drug manufacturers, scientific researchers, wholesale distributors, pharmacies, doctors as well as hospitals should register with the office of the Drug Enforcement Administration. It is stated that such registrants must have detailed records with regards to respective controlled substances and their inventories. This is done parallel to establishing adequate security controls hence minimizing theft and diversions (Kohler-Hausmann, 2010). It has been documented as unlawful for an individual to intentionally possess a controlled substance unless it was obtained in a direct manner as pursuant to laid down regulation that validate prescription of the same. As such, the prescription is done by a professional expert with exceptions of authorization as detailed in Section 844 of the Penalties for simple possession. This instigates that since there are prescribed and narcotics in the house where the house arrest was done, Officer Landonio has the responsibility of questioning the occupants of the house at that time as a means of tracking the source of these controlled substances (Lewis, 2007). Failure to which the mode

Effective Employee Communication (in perspective of Employee to Essay

Effective Employee Communication (in perspective of Employee to Employee) - Essay Example In organisations, communication plays a key role in the efficiency, effectiveness and ultimately the overall performance of the organisation. Communication in an organisation mainly takes two forms based on the direction of flow of information in the organisation. They include vertical and horizontal communication. Vertical communication takes two forms, which is defined by the downward flow of information from the management to the subordinates, mainly in the form of directives and instructions, and upward communication which exemplifies the flow of information in the form of feedback and requests from the subordinates to their supervisors and managers. Horizontal communication on the other hand is the conveyance of information between employees at the same level in the organisation e.g. departmental heads and same level managers or even the lowest level of employees. The main focus of this paper however, will be on the ‘employee to employee’ communication within the organisation and its effectiveness. Generally, employee communication inter se can either be formal or informal. Formal communication involves transmission of information in an official capacity, mainly written or documented within the employees of the organisation while informal or grapevine communication involves the exchange of information between the employees on an unofficial capacity and they do not need to follow proper channels in relaying information on the grapevine. Communication between employees is also a key pillar in the success of an organisation even though most organisations pay little attention to it. Research conducted over the years in many organisations has shown that peer communication and relations between employees can be of great source of employee motivation, can alleviate job-related stress and hence worth reducing the levels of job satisfacti on and employee turnover. It is hence key for the management of the